Who Are the Rohingya of Myanmar (Burma)

The Rohingya are a Muslim minority population living mainly in the state of Arakan, in the country known as Myanmar (formerly Burma). Although approximately 800,000 Rohingya live in Myanmar, and although their ancestors have lived in the region for centuries, the current Burmese government does not recognize Rohingya people as citizens. People without a state, the Rohingya face harsh persecution in Myanmar, and in refugee camps in neighboring Bangladesh and Thailand as well. Arrival and History in Arakan The first Muslims to settle in Arakan were in the area by the 15th century CE. Many served in the court of the Buddhist King Narameikhla (Min Saw Mun), who ruled Arakan in the 1430s, and who welcomed Muslim advisers and courtiers into his capital. Arakan is on the western border of Burma, near what is now Bangladesh, and the later Arakanese kings modeled themselves after the Mughal emperors, even using Muslim titles for their military and court officials. In 1785, Buddhist Burmese from the south of the country conquered Arakan. They drove out or executed all of the Muslim Rohingya men they could find, and about 35,000 of Arakans people likely fled into Bengal, then part of the British Raj in India. Under the Rule of the British Raj In 1826, the British took control of Arakan after the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–1826). They encouraged farmers from Bengal to move to the depopulated area of Arakan, including both Rohingyas originally from the area and native Bengalis. The sudden influx of immigrants from British India sparked a strong reaction from the mostly-Buddhist Rakhine people living in Arakan at the time, sowing the seeds of ethnic tension that remain to this day. When World War II broke out, Britain abandoned Arakan in the face of Japanese expansion into Southeast Asia. In the chaos of Britains withdrawal, both Muslim and Buddhist forces took the opportunity to inflict massacres on one another. Many Rohingya still looked to Britain for protection and served as spies behind Japanese lines for the Allied Powers. When the Japanese discovered this connection, they embarked on a hideous program of torture, rape, and murder against the Rohingyas in Arakan. Tens of thousands of Arakanese Rohingyas once again fled into Bengal. Between the end of World War II and General Ne Wins coup detat in 1962, the Rohingyas advocated for a separate Rohingya nation in Arakan. When the military junta took power in Yangon, however, it cracked down hard on Rohingyas, separatists and non-political people alike. It also denied Burmese citizenship to the Rohingya people, defining them instead as stateless Bengalis.   Modern Era Since that time, the Rohingya in Myanmar have lived in limbo.  Under recent leaders, they have faced increasing persecution and attacks, even in some cases from Buddhist monks.  Those who escape out to sea, as thousands have done, face an uncertain fate; the governments of Muslim nations around Southeast Asia including Malaysia and Indonesia have refused to accept them as refugees.  Some of those who turn up in Thailand have been victimized by human traffickers,  or even set adrift again on the sea by Thai military forces.  Australia has adamantly refused to accept any Rohingya on its shores, as well. In May of 2015, the Philippines pledged to create camps to house 3,000 of the Rohingya boat-people.  Working with the United Nations High Commission on Refugees (UNHCR), the Philippines government continues to provide temporary shelter for Rohingya refugees and provide for their basic needs, while a more permanent solution is sought.  Over 1 million Rohingya refugees are in Bangladesh as of September 2018. Persecutions of Rohingya people in Myanmar continue to this day. Major crackdowns by the Burmese government including extrajudicial killings, gang rapes, arson, and infanticides were reported in 2016 and 2017. Hundreds of thousands of Rohingyas have fled the violence.   Worldwide criticism of the de facto Myanmar leader and Nobel Peace Prize winner Aung San Suu Kyi has not abated the issue.   Sources Myanmar Rohingya: What You Need to Know About the Crisis. BBC News April 24, 2018. Print.Parnini, Syeda Naushin. The Crisis of the Rohingya as a Muslim Minority in Myanmar and Bilateral Relations with Bangladesh. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 33.2 (2013): 281-97. Print.Rahman, Utpala. The Rohingya Refugee: A Security Dilemma for Bangladesh. Journal of Immigrant Refugee Studies 8.2 (2010): 233-39. Print.Ullah, Akm Ahsan. Rohingya Refugees to Bangladesh: Historical Exclusions and Contemporary Marginalization. Journal of Immigrant Refugee Studies 9.2 (2011): 139-61. Print.

Reflection On Experiential Family Therapy - 2373 Words

Experiential Theory Candida A. Phelps Liberty University Experiential Family Therapy In current practices of psychodynamic family therapy, it leans towards integration and diversity in recognition of the limitations of any single therapeutic model (Evans, 2012). A wide variety of family therapies have arose which may be described as psycho-dynamic and there is not an opportunity to address all of them. This review will discuss experiential family therapy. In the early twentieth century, the foundations of the psychodynamic theory was laid by Sigmund Freud. Freud focused his attention mainly on individuals and not so much on the family, but he did recognize that family is important in human development (Evans, 2012). Yet, succeeding theoreticians plus family counselors have utilized the ideologies of psychoanalysis in the expansion of family therapy (Evans, 2012). Ludwig Binswanger, a psychologist who disagreed with Freud’s theories of human beings, is said to have brought the concepts of existential and phenomenological thought into the field of psychology (Mahrer, 1983). With the dissatisfaction of the limitations of Freud’s theory, Binswanger started to search outside the existing areas of psychological theories for other models to explain the thoughts and behavior of individuals (Mahrer, 1983). The experiential theory for family therapy was developed by Virginia Satir (Satir, et al, 1991) and Carl Whitaker (Whitaker and Bumberry, 1988) and can be looselyShow MoreRelatedMulti-Mother, Depression, And, Or Patety And Children With Postpartum Depression1601 Words   |  7 Pages MP focuses on mental health, parenting skills, child development, child attachment needs, and self-care for mothers, who currently have or have had a history of psychopathology and/or trauma (Muzik et al., 2015, p. 4). 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Mental Health And Rural And Remote Practice - 1661 Words

The purpose of this essay is to apply critical thinking and awareness by comparing and contrasting two chosen fields of practice being mental health and rural and remote practice. This paper will discuss a brief historical outline in regards to both fields, together with a statistical overview of certain challenges and concerns that occur within the field of mental health and rural and remote practice. An emphasis will placed on the challenges faced by the client, while comparing and contrasting issues such as social disadvantage, infrastructure, drugs and alcohol misuse. Likewise, challenges faced by the worker and a comparison of the interventions used in both fields, along with the diversity of the two working environments and the†¦show more content†¦The history of the Australian mental health system dates back as far as the early settlers, with asylums and institutions being commonplace (Willis, E, Reynolds, L, Keleher, H 2013). By the 1950s deinstitutionalization wa s becoming a common occurrence, which led directly to the more recent community-based services being developed. Mental healthcare began shifting from custodial care in institutions to supporting patients returning to the community (Willis, E, Reynolds, L, Keleher, H 2013). Although, the Australian government has strived to create a comprehensive mental health service there are still many concerns. There is also a long history in regards to Australian rural and remote health, although, the magnitude of issues occurring in this sector took some years to surface. History shows us that significant concerns first started to emerge during the 1970s. The issues were confronting and required the Australian government to urgently address the myriad of health issues occurring in regional areas. Two of the main concerns transpiring in this area were relating to indigenous health and misuse of drugs and alcohol. As a result, countless rural health initiatives and projects were funded in o rder to address rural issues. Unfortunately, the health and wellbeing in these communities still remains significantly poorer then their city counterparts (Willis, E, Reynolds, L, Keleher, H 2013). The Client Many challenges exist for mentally ill clients and

Differences between the PCAOB and the International Auditing and Assur

Question: Discuss about the Auditing Assurance and Key Changes. Answer: Key Changes The key changes that have been adopted by PCAOB in order to enhance the usefulness as well as the relevance of the report of auditor through providing important and additional information to the investors. According to the new standard, critical audit matters (CAMs) need to be discussed in the auditor's report and these matters are required to communicate to audit committee(Weingarten, 2017). These are related to the disclosure or the accounts that are important for the financial statement. In the new standard, the report of auditor will disclose, among the other things and an auditor's tenure. The investors will be allowed to have to view the audit and also provided with the useful information for the purpose to make the important decisions(PCAOB, 2017). Differences between the PCAOB and the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB) Audit Reporting Requirements The approaches that are taken by IAASB and PCAOB for the purpose of enhancing the report of auditor are similar. The approach is used in order to provide transparency in a higher proportion, to the investors and others as well, that is related to the matters of audit and establishing the two-way communication during the process of audit with TCWG. Differences In case of IAASB standard, description of KAM for the related disclosure should address: why matter is significant in audit? and how matter was addressed in audit? However, in case of PCAOB reproposal, for every CAM that is communicated, the auditor need to: identify CAM, describe the main considerations for determination of CAM, how it is addressed, and finally refer to financial statement accounts and the disclosure related to CAM. IAASB standard requires that the identification of ethical requirements that are related as well as independent of the auditor should be stated in a statement in Basis for Opinion section, along with that, it should be also stated that the auditor has fulfilled all the ethical responsibilities. While PCAOB reproposal requires a statement in Basis for Opinion section as evidence that auditor is independent and is a registered public accounting firm with PCAOB included. IAASB standards requires disclosure of engagement partners name. On other hand in PCAOB , engagement partners as well as other accounting firms should be disclosed along with the audited entities. In both IAASB and PCAOB, the opinion section should be presented and after that Basis for Opinion selection. However, in case of IAASB, a different order may be followed if prescribed by law or regulation. In case of IAASB, the modification of the opinion by the auditor should be included in Basis for Opinion section while in PCAOB, opinion modification should be included in Opinion section. As per IAASB standards, all the responsibilities related to the management, auditor's responsibility, features of audit should be described separately in auditor's report. Also, the paragraphs related to emphasis of matter as well as the other matter are also needed in certain circumstances. However, in case of PCAOB emphasis paragraph should be included. Also, standardized language enhancements should be described in PCAOB standards for acquiring the reasonable assurance. Similarities There are many similarities between PCAOB and the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB). Both PCAOB and IAASB used the similar approach for the enhancement by providing the high level of transparency to the investors and other as well as established the two-way communication which will take place between the investors and the audit committee during the process of auditing and making auditing report by the auditor. Both requires to identify the communication matters to be CAM or KAM and only for the current period. Both requires providing with the description of the matter for the purpose to prevent standardized language and reveal the particular circumstances of matter. d) Introductory language is included in both PCAOB and IAASB(IAASB, 2016). Reasons/Motivation for the Changes and Critique The change has been introduced in the auditor's report. The motivation or the reasons behind the change in the auditor's report is that, by the involvement of the transparency and establishment of the two-way communication in the process of audit with the investors, will be able to help in managing a sound relationship during the audit reporting process, through the disclosure of the requirements for the auditing report between the audit committee and the investors and the others. The two-way communication enhances the relationship between the investors, others who make use of the auditor's report and the audit committee (Clearygottlieb, 2017). Likely Impact of the New Audit Reporting Requirements On Audit Practice The impact of the audit reporting on audit practice is that the disclosure of the major statements and the related facts in the new reporting system has enabled a transparency in the process of auditing among the invertors and the audit committee. The information about the auditor, the description of the CAM and KAM along with the basis of these matters, description of the specific responsibilities, and disclosure of the engagement partners as well as the modification in the option helped in providing the high level of transparency, which will help in carrying out the audit in a sound manner. The practices have become more extended as the disclosure of the different essential facts takes time, but it will allow carrying the process of audit reporting in a smoother manner. The risk of misstatement will not occur. The financial statement will be able to disclose in a transparent manner and will also benefit the public interest(Iodsa, 2015). References Clearygottlieb. (2017). New PCAOB Standard Will Mean Big Changes in Audit Reports . Clearygottlieb.com. IAASB. (2016). The New Auditors Report:A Comparison between the ISAs and the US PCAOB Reproposal. New York: IAASB. Iodsa. (2015). The impact of the new auditors report. Retrieved from www.iodsa.co.za: https://www.iodsa.co.za/news/241065/The-impact-of-the-new-auditors-report.htm PCAOB. (2017). PCAOB Adopts New Standard to Enhance the Relevance and Usefulness of the Auditor's Report with Additional Information for Investors. Pcaobus.org. Weingarten, N. (2017). PCAOB requests comment on reproposal to significantly change the auditors report. Pwc.com.